Abstract
Smart-Grid Restoration depends on a defensible relationship between performance with evidence quality, resource limits, and transfer across settings. The discussion is organized around connecting disturbance diagnosis, restoration sequencing, distributed resources, and critical-load recovery. The corpus joins 1 focal paper with 11 independently retrieved publications whose authorship and venue fields were independently checked. The analysis is organized around disturbance model, fault localization, restoration sequence, distributed energy, and service resilience. A central precaution is not to treat reported outcomes as directly interchangeable, the review compares problem formulation, design assumptions, and transfer boundary. Across the literature, the most stable insight is that advances in smart-grid restoration become credible when workload, dependency, and recovery policy are evaluated together and when uncertainty about observability is reported explicitly. The comparative structure connects method selection to decision consequence and recurring validity threats, and proposes a research agenda centered on traceable baselines, scenario testing, and reusable evidence.
References
Fan, D., Ren, Y., Feng, Q., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Lin, J. (2021). Restoration of smart grids: Current status, challenges, and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110909.
Zhang, L., Wang, C., Liang, J., Wu, M., Zhang, B., & Tang, W. (2023). A Coordinated Restoration Method of Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Network for Resilience Enhancement. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 14(1), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3192910
Gao, H., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., & Liu, C. C. (2016). Resilience-Oriented Critical Load Restoration Using Microgrids in Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(6), 2837-2848. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2550625
Liu, Z., & Wang, L. (2021). Leveraging Network Topology Optimization to Strengthen Power Grid Resilience Against Cyber-Physical Attacks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12(2), 1552-1564. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3028123
Sekhavatmanesh, H., & Cherkaoui, R. (2019). Distribution Network Restoration in a Multiagent Framework Using a Convex OPF Model. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(3), 2618-2628. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2805922
Liu, J., Qin, C., & Yu, Y. (2020). Enhancing Distribution System Resilience With Proactive Islanding and RCS-Based Fast Fault Isolation and Service Restoration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(3), 2381-2395. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2953716
Zeng, R., Zhang, X., & Zhang, R. (2026). Enhancing Resilience of Power Distribution Systems Under Cyber-Physical Hybrid Attacks: A Coordinated Localization and Restoration Strategy with Feeder Automation. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2026.3694477
Wang, Z., Shen, C., Xu, Y., Liu, F., Wu, X., & Liu, C. C. (2019). Risk-Limiting Load Restoration for Resilience Enhancement With Intermittent Energy Resources. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(3), 2507-2522. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2803141
Li, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Li, M., He, J., Liu, C. C., et al. (2021). Resilience-Motivated Distribution System Restoration Considering Electricity-Water-Gas Interdependency. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12(6), 4799-4812. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3105234
Li, B., Chen, Y., Wei, W., Wang, Z., & Mei, S. (2022). Online Coordination of LNG Tube Trailer Dispatch and Resilience Restoration of Integrated Power-Gas Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 13(3), 1938-1951. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3141548
Wang, Y., Xu, Y., He, J., Liu, C. C., Schneider, K. P., Hong, M., et al. (2019). Coordinating Multiple Sources for Service Restoration to Enhance Resilience of Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(5), 5781-5793. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2891515
Wang, X., Shahidehpour, M., Jiang, C., & Li, Z. (2019). Resilience Enhancement Strategies for Power Distribution Network Coupled With Urban Transportation System. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(4), 4068-4079. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2848970

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miles Perkins, Parker Fleming, Reid Chandler (Author)
